New Quotations/Comments
730-716
730
QUOTATION A.
Greyhound has scrapped an advertising campaign that extolled the relaxing effects of bus travel, above [There's A Reason You've Never Heard Of "BUS RAGE" / over a picture of a Greyhound bus], after a passenger was accused of repeatedly stabbing and then beheading a traveler in the next seat while their bus was on a desolate stretch of highway in Manitoba last week.
Abby Wambaugh, a Greyhound spokeswoman, said Wednesday that a billboard and some posters near a bus terminal in Toronto would be removed before the end of the day; similar advertisements in western Canada and other parts of Ontario had already been removed, she said. Vince Weiguang Li was charged with second-degree murder in the death of Tim McLean, the traveler.
Canada: Greyhound Pulls Ad Campaign, Associated Press, in The New York Times, 8/7/08, p. A 9
QUOTATION B.
Toronto - The animal rights group PETA has tried unsuccessfully to run a newspaper ad comparing the beheading and cannibalizing of a passenger on a Greyhound bus in Canada last week to the treatment of animals by the meat industry.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals said on its Web site that it wanted to run the ad in Manitoba's Portage La Prairie Daily Graphic, which is distributed in the city where a man stabbed a fellow passenger multiple times, then beheaded him and ate pieces of the body.
But city editor Tara Seel said Thursday that the newspaper has no intention of running the ad, which uses imagery of a victim's throat being cut.
Newspaper won't run PETA's Greyhound ad, The San Francisco Chronicle, 8/9/08
This ghastly case once again demonstrates the horrifying consequences which can result from the actions of a person driven berserk by schizophrenia, the "bearded lady" disease. Tim McLean, 19, the innocent and unsuspecting victim of his seat-mate and fellow bus traveler Vince Weiguang Li's sudden outburst of frenzied, lethal madness, had been sleeping peacefully in his seat with his headphones on - according to news reports - when his life was brutally and quickly ended by the crazed actions of Mr. Li.
Somehow this sight of Tim McLean in the seat next to him must have precipitated in Mr. Li an overwhelmingly powerful surge of homosexual feelings, feelings which Mr. Li had long dealt with by total denial and repression until this fateful moment when finally he could no longer hold them back, converting them in his unconscious mind - in the typical paranoid schizophrenic projective pattern - from intense homo-erotic love into furious hate. "No, I don't love him, I HATE him," followed immediately by "No, I don't hate him, HE HATES me and is tempting me homosexually, so I have to KILL him in order to protect myself from his satanic, perverted designs on me."
The insane ferocity of the attack on Tim McLean clearly demonstrates the strength, depth and passion of Mr. Li's homosexual attraction to him, and it was this sudden, fateful eruption of long-repressed homosexual cravings which drove him to attempt to obliterate completely any vestiges of this person who had so maddened him with homosexual temptation - even to the point of cannibalizing parts of his body.
Furthermore, lurking directly beneath this cannibalization there must have existed very powerful, paranoically repudiated oral-erotic drives focused on the body of his victim, drives which could have served as the specific "trigger” initiating Mr. Li’s frenzied assault on Tim McLean, whose hapless body Mr. Li could so easily observe lying vulnerable and unprotected - and homosexually tempting - close beside him in the adjacent seat.
The above theorizing about the cause of Mr. Li's sudden homicidal attack on his sleeping seat-mate on the Greyhound bus might seem difficult to comprehend, but in reality it is just one more of countless tragic examples of the devastating consequences which can ensue when an unfortunate person afflicted with schizophrenia, the "bearded lady" disease, "runs amok." [See also preceding Quotations/Comments # 728 and # 727.]
To reference one of Sigmund Freud's favorite quotations,
There are more things in heaven and earth,
Horatio,
Than are dreamt of in your philosophy.
[Hamlet, I,v,166]
729
QUOTATION A.
The Incident
On a snowy winter day in 1991, Lu Gang, a slightly built Chinese scholar who had recently received his Ph.D. in plasma physics, walked into a seminar room at the University of Iowa's Van Allen Hall, raised a snub-nose .38-caliber Taurus pistol, and killed Professor Christoph Goertz, his thesis adviser; Robert A. Smith, a member of his dissertation committee; and Shan Linhua, a fellow graduate student and rival.
Next, Lu went to the office of the chair of the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dwight R. Nicholson, who was also on his dissertation committee, and fired three more fatal shots. Then, he walked over to Jessup Hall and demanded to see T. Anne Cleary, associate vice-president for academic affairs. When she emerged from her office, he killed her and then shot and maimed her twenty-three-year-old assistant. Finally, in an empty conference room, Lu raised the pistol to his head and killed himself.
Why a brilliant, hard-working young Chinese physicist, who had come to the US six years earlier filled with pride and hope, had come to such a bitter end is the subject of Dark Matter, a recently released feature film by Chinese-born director Chen Shi-Zheng. [......]
[from the film Dark Matter]
But he gradually becomes persuaded that his professors are conspiring to delay his degree and deny him his rightful recognition as a scholar. His growing paranoia is only heightened when his Ph.D. orals committee refuses to sign off on his thesis until he redoes some of his computations, making it impossible for him to win the top dissertation prize he feels he deserves. By the end of the film, his acute sense of humiliation has led to a psychotic state, and in a fit of murderous rage he kills the professors he once idealized.
Dark Matter, a film directed by Chen Shi-Zheng; in China: Humiliation & the Olympics, by Orville Schell, The New York Review of Books, August 14, 2008, p. 30.
QUOTATION B.
Paranoia is precisely a disorder in which a sexual aetiology is by no means obvious; far from this, the strikingly prominent features in the causation of paranoia, especially among males, are social humiliations and slights. But if we go into the matter only a little more deeply, we shall be able to see that the really operative factor in these social injuries lies in the part played in them by the homosexual components of emotional life. So long as the individual is functioning normally and it is consequently impossible to see into the depths of his mental life, we may doubt whether his emotional relations to his neighbors in society have anything to do with sexuality, either actually or in their genesis. But delusions never fail to uncover these relations and to trace back the social feelings to their roots in a directly sensual erotic wish. So long as he was healthy, Dr. Schreber, too, whose delusions culminated in a wishful fantasy of an unmistakably homosexual nature, had, by all accounts, shown no signs of homosexuality in the ordinary sense of the word.
The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XII, (1911-13), The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, London, p. 60.
Once again Schizophrenia, the "bearded lady" disease, had taken its deadly toll. And it answers the question posed above by the writer Orville Schell as to "Why a brilliant, hard-working young Chinese physicist, who had come to the US six years earlier filled with pride and hope, had come to such a bitter end..."
As Mr. Schell reports, citing biographical information gleaned from the movie, Dark Matter, the crazed killer Lu Chang "gradually becomes persuaded that his professors are conspiring to delay his degree and deny him his rightful recognition as a scholar." His "growing paranoia" slowly intensifies to the point he loses all control of his emotions and, in a typical "homosexual panic", erupts in a spasm of lethal fury, with all its horrifying consequences.
It was not Lu Gang's "acute sense of humiliation" which led to his psychotic state but the overpowering pressure exerted upon his beleaguered psyche by his repressed homosexual passions. "By the end of the film," Mr. Schell writes, "his acute sense of humiliation has led to a psychotic state, and in a fit of murderous rage he kills the professors he had once idealized." The substitution here of the word "idolized" for "idealized" would have been more psychologically perceptive, for it was upon these "idolized" male professors, or at least upon one of them, that Lu Gang's unconscious homosexual passions had become fixated.
Sigmund Freud has brilliantly unraveled for us the psychic "mechanics" of paranoia: "The mechanism of symptom-formation in paranoia requires that internal perceptions - feelings - shall be replaced by external perceptions. Consequently the proposition 'I hate him' becomes transformed by PROJECTION into another one: 'HE HATES (persecutes) ME, which will justify me in hating him.' And thus the impelling unconscious feeling makes its appearance as though it were the consequence of an external perception:
'I do not LOVE him - I HATE him because HE PERSECUTES ME .
Observation leaves room for no doubt that the persecutor is some one who was once loved." [The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, the Hogarth Press (1911-13), Vol 12, p. 63]
In this tragic case, Lu Gang, "the slightly built Chinese scholar", massively resisted any conscious acknowledgement of homosexual feelings towards any one of his professors, instead making the typical "paranoid shift", as outlined above by Dr. Freud, wherein his repressed feelings of love were transformed by unconscious denial into their exact opposite: "No, I don't love Professor X, I hate him," followed immediately by "No, I don't hate him, he hates me and is persecuting me, and thus I have to kill him to protect myself from harm." By this end stage in the malignant paranoid process, total insanity has finally overtaken its victim, with often disastrous consequences such as those which have been so shockingly described in this case. [See also the preceding Quotation/Comment # 728.]
In summary, the pathogenic etiology underlying every case of paranoid schizophrenia, and likewise the primary operative factor in all cases of functional mental illness - in both men and women - resides invariably in the repression and denial of exceedingly powerful homosexual passions, combined with compelling opposite-sex feelings and identifications.
Bisexual conflict and gender confusion have always ruled the world of madness - and always will.
728
QUOTATION A.
Jessica was Steve's confessor. He told her everything - his long mental health history, his anxiety, his family turmoil, his recent hunger for sex with women he met through the internet, with a male professor.
He told everyone else almost nothing. [.......]
STEVE GREW UP WATCHING horror movies with his mother. Fleshy, enormous, laid out beside him on the couch. Middle of the day, and all shades are drawn. Dark. She's protective, doesn't want Steve to go outside. Won't let him play much with other children. She's not mentally right, according to Steve's godfather, but what can he do? A family feud. [.......] Whenever he focuses on work, the back of his wrist against his forehead, hand hanging out limply. Kids call him fag because of the hand. He and Adam get notes to leave class as often as possible, especially gym class, whenever a concert or performance of any kind is on the schedule. [.......] He takes fifty Depakote, goes to sleep. He's surprised to wake up. Goes to school. "I want to die," he tells the nurse. "Life sucks." [......] On colder nights, they hang out in one of the bathrooms. Twenty by twenty feet, stand-alone cinder-block huts in the wilderness. Their own concrete chalets. They're used, also, by gay cruisers. If you back into a parking space here, you're asking for a visit.
Steve has been with a man before. He'll admit this to Jessica years later. But his friends in high school don't know. Secret sex, like his summer with Kim. [.......]
December 14, 1996, Steve overdoses on Tylenol and calls Beth King. His parents throw him into Rush University Medical Center for a week, but it doesn't help. Nothing does. He's anxious all the time, depressed, unable to sleep. He blows up on the meds, goes from skinny to obese, three hundred pounds, in just a couple months. Rich can't understand what's happened. Steve is like a zombie, with a faraway stare. "It's like the personality was just sucked out of him," he says. [......]
People talk about him at school that winter. He's sitting in the cafeteria, an enormous open room right off the main hall, a place you can't hide. He's with Julie and a couple of jocks come up to him. They know his sister, Susan, and they know Joe Russo's older brother and sister. They know all about him. "Hey, Suicide Steve, what's up?" one of them asks. "Uh-oh, don't say that, Crazy Mierczak might off himself," the other says. Then the first one flips Steve's tray onto the floor, all his food.
Steve walks out to the Goth lot and Julie follows him. "Who cares about them," she says. [......]
"Medications: Steve is currently taking Prozac 20 mg in the a.m., Zyprexa 10 mg at hs and Depakote 500 mg in the a.m. and 1,000 mg at hs. Past medication includes Paxil, Cogentin, Risperdal, Lithium and Cylert.
"SYMPTOMS: Steve stated that when symptomatic he becomes anxious, depressed and unable to sleep. He reports losing interest in all leisure activities... has suicidal thoughts and feels worthless--." [......]
Rather than getting better, his symptoms get worse. He's over-sedated, overweight, doesn't want to take his meds. He has special powers, though, he tells his psychiatrist. He can see his old girlfriend, Beth. And he can read minds. He has been able to do this all his life, but the power is stronger now, for some reason. He knows what they think of him here, how they underestimate him. [......] They place him in a job at Walgreen's, but he's fired after a month, in April, for poor attendance. He's hired at Osco pharmacy in June, but fired six weeks later. The next stop is Kmart in September. He thinks people are following him, that they're against him, ganging up. He gets in arguments with his coworkers, anxious and emotional. He's on Seroquel and Clozaril. [......] Seung-Hui Cho kills thirty-two at Virginia Tech. Steve's excited. He's firing off e-mails. "Crazy," he tells Jessica, and sends her Cho's writings. [......] He and Jessica move to Champaign in June, rent an apartment together. Separate bedrooms. They're not a couple any more. Relationships just don't work out for him. [......] He can't sleep, gets up to check again that he's paid all his bills, checks the alarm clock three times. He's anxious and worried about everything, paranoid. [......]
That same day he decides to buy guns. Perhaps it's just a whim. Or maybe he's concerned that his visit to the hospital will go on his mental-health record and his gun license will be revoked. He drives to Tony's guns and Ammo, which is just Tony's house. Steve trades in his Glock .45 caliber, his .22-caliber pistol, and his 20-gauge shotgun. He buys a Sig Sauer .380. [......]
A month later he's back at McKinley, September 4, says his mother's death was a traumatic experience, still is. The doctor notes it in his evaluation. Steve worries, also, about his father, who has diabetes and hypertension and recently had a stroke. [......] The doctor asks him whether he is planning to kill himself or anyone else. He says no. They up his Prozac to 50 milligrams a day and add Xanax, 0.5 milligrams a couple times a day as needed for anxiety.
Around this time, he calls his sister, Susan. Their relationship has always been rough. She resented all the attention he sucked in high school, and he resented how perfect she seemed. But today he's feeling okay, he wants to talk. He tells her that he thinks he might be gay. [......]
He goes back on meds a few days later, but around this time something primal kicks in. First it's the guns. Now it's sex. He begins surfing the Casual Encounters section of Craigslist.
He tries to hook up with "Katie," with her 44 D's, but that doesn't work out, so he moves on. Meets a male biochemistry professor from U. of I. They give each other blow jobs.
Then he meets Kelly, an undergrad. In introduction he describes himself as "very gentleman like and respectful in person, but have a wild side." She says meeting him in a public place first "isn't absolutely necessary as long as you don't plan to chop me up and store me in the freezer. So -- don't do that.:)" He reassures her, "I'm not a serial killer/psycho or anything." [.......]
He drives to her apartment for sex on October 23. Long blond hair, round and busty and wholesome, a bit of a redneck. They have a similar dark sense of humor, love the macabre. They're both excited about Saw 1V coming out on Friday. He has a great time with her, fun sex, and they spend a lot of time e-mailing and on the phone over the next few weeks.
But not even Kelly is enough to satisfy his appetite now. Steve sets up a meeting with "Tracy" the next night at a bar in Champaign called the Phoenix. According to police testimony, they go to a hotel, the Econo Lodge. It's right off the freeway, the crack-and-ho section of town. They have sex. In the morning he is a gentleman, buys coffee and cigarettes. [......]
But it doesn't help. He cannot control himself and he knows it.
He confesses everything to Jessica. He calls her at work, tells her he is not gay. She comes home to find him a puddle of tears on the carpet. He's sobbing that she was here all along. Why couldn't he see that? [......]
He's back on Craigslist after class, compulsively now, checking the Erotic Services section. He posts his own ad, too.
He meets "Megan" that night at the corner of North Prospect and Bloomington in Champaign, just off the highway, the same crack-and-ho neighborhood where he had sex with "Tracy" in the fall. She's with her friend "Elyse," who doesn't look bad either. "Megan" gets into his car. They park behind a building near the Econo Lodge. Steve on top, she tells the police later. [......] He buys stamps for the package he's planning to send to Jessica. He talks with "Katie." Drives to her place. She's lit candles. He doesn't feel like talking. The have sex, and afterward, he tells her he is going out of town. [......]
He meets again with "Megan" that night at Walgreen's. They have sex in the car again. They're back and forth eighteen times on the phone that night, dirty talk, and Steve also calls calls "Elyse."
In the morning about 10:00, he tells Jessica not to go to work.
"Just stay. Just hang out with me today."
"I have to go to work," she says.
She doesn't know and he can't tell her.
In their apartment, he saws off the barrel of the shotgun. The guitar case, the two new guns, the extra magazines and holsters - he's hidden these things from her. He duct-tapes half of the inside of the guitar case, black tape - a riddle the police will never quite figure out. He puts the Remington 12-gauge inside, loaded. Picks up the case and it's not too heavy. [......] He's bought longer ammo clips for the pistols. They hold 33-rounds each. But the problem is they're so long he'll have to carry the pistols in his hands. [......] He wants to use the shotgun first to create confusion. And for theatrical effect. That's Kevin's theory in hindsight. [......]
Steve's last call to Jessica is just before midnight on February 13, wishing her Happy Valentine's Day, promising her he will see her tomorrow. "Goodbye, Jessica," he says. [......]
VALENTINE'S DAY. 3:04 P.M. Cole Hall Room 100. The end of class. Intro to Ocean Science. Many of the students are gone, since they had a test two days before.
The stage door behind the screen bursts open. Steve walks abruptly onto the stage. He stands for the briefest moment just looking at the class, then he raises the shotgun.
He fires into the front row of students. [......]
He keeps shooting, a few rounds at a time. Five dead. Eighteen injured. [......]
Then he walks away, hops back onto the stage. He's shot forty-seven bullets.
One more shot, then silence. [......]
A few months earlier, he told her, "One day I might just disappear and you will never find me. Nobody will ever find me."
A few months before that, he told her, "If anything happens, don't tell anyone about me."
Portrait of the School Shooter as a Young Man, by David Vann, Esquire magazine, August 2008, pp. 114-126.
QUOTATION B.
These considerations therefore lend an added weight to the circumstance that we are in point of fact driven by experience to attribute to homosexual wishful fantasies an intimate (perhaps an invariable) relation to this particular form of disease. Distrusting my own experience on the subject, I have during the last few years joined with my friends C.G. Jung of Zurich and Sándor Ferenczi of Budapest in investigating upon this single point a number of cases of paranoid disorder which have come under observation. The patients whose histories provided the material for this enquiry included both men and women, and varied in race, occupation, and social standing. Yet we were astonished to find that in all of these cases a defense against a homosexual wish was clearly recognizable at the very centre of the conflict which underlay the disease and that it was in an attempt to master an unconsciously reinforced current of homosexuality that they had all of them come to grief.1 This was certainly not what we had expected.
On The Mechanism of Paranoia, The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XII (1911-13), London, The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1958, p. 59.
In the above-quoted excerpts from David Vann's brilliantly-reported story in Esquire magazine, a stunningly clear picture emerges of the horrifying consequences which can occur as the direct result of the actions taken by a young man suffering from the malignant effects of schizophrenia, the "bearded lady" disease.
The story of Steve Mierczak, running amok, is a story as old as history. It has been told countless times in the past and will be told countless times in the future, or at least until the root cause of such paranoid (schizophrenic) madness is finally universally recognized as being what Sigmund Freud first discovered and then explained it was in 1911 - in his penetrating and insightful analysis of the case of Daniel Paul Schreber - namely, severe bisexual conflict and gender confusion. And it will only be when a general recognition of this profound truth belatedly occurs that persons suffering from this havoc-wreaking disease will finally be treated in an appropriate manner, and if no alleviation of their symptoms can be effected by the most intensive psychological efforts, then henceforth be confined in a secure but civilized manner so that running amok, with its oft-disastrous outcomes, will no longer be a crazed option for them.
It has strikingly been demonstrated here by the Steve Mierczak case that the myriad number of psychotropic drugs often prescribed for the emotionally disturbed person are definitely not the answer to "managing", or "curing", their mental illness, and that in fact these highly toxic drugs often exacerbate the symptoms of the mental illness while simultaneously masking its underlying and often potentially lethal pathology, thereby placing everyone within the social orbit of the disturbed person in physical danger, as has been so graphically described in this particular case by the writer David Vann.
Steve Mierczak was doomed from the very the beginning of his life. Fate dealt him an unplayable hand by saddling him with a mother who was mentally ill, over-protective and verbally abusive, while concurrently establishing a crippling, castrative, emotionally symbiotic relationship with him. To quote the famed psychiatrist Dr. Harry Stack Sullivan, "From my material, in which negative instances are conspicuously lacking, I am forced to the conclusion that schizophrenic illnesses in the male are intimately related as a sequel to unfortunate prolongation of the attachment of the son and the mother." (Dr. Sullivan, who dealt almost exclusively with male schizophrenic patients, could correctly have added similar symbiotic mother/daughter relationships into his schizophrenia-engendering formulation.)
Mr. Mierczak unavoidably experienced sex-role alienation in early childhood due to his toxic relationship with his schizophrenogenic mother, and his consequent underlying effeminacy was quickly intuited by his male classmates, some of whom began calling him a "fag" and generally ridiculing him.
As his bisexual conflict and gender confusion grew more severe, fueling the varied symptoms of his mental illness, he was treated by psychiatrists with multiple hospitalizations and myriad toxic psychotropic drugs, none of which interventions addressed the true cause of his schizophrenic symptomatology.
He was finally able to gain a modicum of self-insight into his severe bisexual conflict, prompting him to visit his sister Susan to inform her he thought he might be "gay." Unfortunately, this painful admission was quickly overshadowed by a massive new self-denial of his powerful and insistent homo-erotic feelings, ones which had previously been inflamed by actual homosexual experiences with various men. "He tries to hook up with 'Katie,' with her 44 D's, but that doesn't work out, so he moves on. Meets a male biochemistry professor from U. of I. They give each other blow jobs."
His psychological defense against these ever-increasing, urgent homosexual cravings was to embark upon an obviously sexually-unsatisfying orgy of pseudo-heterosexual relationships, with many girls, leading him finally to declare to his best-friend "girlfriend", Jessica, whom he was now living with in a purely platonic relationship, that he was not "gay." But by this time he had already begun his inexorable descent into a classic schizophrenic "homosexual panic," fueled as it invariably is by frustrated, overpowering homosexual cravings, thus precipitating his final bloody episode of murderous frenzy - the same frenzy which in many other societies is commonly referred to as "running amok", with its identical schizophrenic "homosexual panic" etiology.
Schizophrenia, the "bearded lady" disease, had struck once more, leaving horrendous personal devastation in its wake.
727
Hi Mike, Well, believe it or not, we could find no one qualified to treat schizophrenia in [city deleted]. No psychotherapist. People who would talk as counselors but that is it. In [name deleted] latest episode he said that everyone at the place he is staying at had raped him. Pretty obvious but no one with insight. It is a sad state of affairs. Wish me luck in the ongoing search for someone qualified. Thanks for the brochure on Menninger. [name deleted]
Source: a personal communication.
The schizophrenic person referred to in the above quotation has existed in a paranoid schizophrenic delusional state for some time, despite all efforts to help him. The person closest to him, his mother, adamantly rejects the theory that his illness could in any way be related to severe bisexual conflict and gender confusion, the "bearded lady" disease, despite such obvious evidence of its truth as his paranoid belief he had been homosexually raped by all the other male members of the group-home where he has been living. His unshakable belief in the reality of these multiple homosexual rapes is nothing more than the paranoid expression of an unconscious wish-fulfillment of his severely repressed, overwhelmingly powerful sexual cravings to experience exactly this type of passive, feminine, anal-erotic sexual activity with other men. (As Dr. Sigmund Freud has so insightfully stated, What man represses at the deepest level are his passive pederastic instincts.)
In this case, as in all cases of schizophrenia in males [and females], the schizophrenia-engendering symbiotic relationship between mother and son [or daughter] is palpably evident. In the words of the brilliant psychiatrist, Dr. Harry Stack Sullivan, speaking here only of male schizophrenics, but applying equally to female schizophrenics:
From my material, in which negative instances are conspicuously absent, I am forced to the conclusion that schizophrenic illnesses in the male [and female] are intimately related as a sequel to unfortunate prolongation of the attachment of the son [daughter] and the mother. That schizophrenic disorders are but one of the possible outcomes of persisting immature attitudes subtending the mother and son [daughter] relationship must be evident. The failure of growth of heterosexual interests, with persistence of autoerotic or homosexual interests in adolescence, is the general formula. The factors that determine a schizophrenic outcome may be clarified by a discussion on the one hand of the situations to which I shall refer as homosexual cravings and acute masturbation conflict - often immediate precursors of grave psychosis - and of the various homoerotic and autoerotic procedures, on the other.
---Personal Psychopathology, Harry Stack Sullivan, M.D., p. 211
726
As an example of the developed schizophrenic, let us consider a former patient of mine who often sat for hours in a corner staring vacantly into space, his lips moving and silly, grimacing smiles flitting across his face. Sometimes this man would not answer questions, apparently not even hearing them, so absorbed was he in subjective contemplation. Again he would grin glassily and wink his eye or occasionally speak with passion about strange machinery in a distant city which enemies whom he referred to merely as "they" were using to inject queer colors into his thoughts and sometimes to make him ejaculate. This man at times suddenly attacked others. It was eminently necessary to keep him on a closed ward and under close supervision.
The Mask of Sanity, Fourth Edition, Hervey Cleckley, M.D., The C.V. Mosby Company, Saint Louis, 1964, p. 197.
This desperately ill schizophrenic man is blaming "they" for putting strange thoughts into his mind and at times causing him to have involuntary orgasms. Of course the "they" in his paranoid mind are undoubtedly a group of unknown male figures conspiring against him in some far-off location to bring him to orgasmic release, although Dr. Cleckley never specifically states the gender of his patient's hallucinated tormentors.
Here the patient's severe bisexual, "bearded lady" conflict is brought into sharp focus by the content of his most pathogenic delusion, that of becoming sufficiently sexually excited by other males to the point of his reaching sexual climax. And his psychological defense against, and denial of, his homosexuality would be that he was not a willing participant in these sexual escapades but had been forced to partake in them by these unknown, hostile forces.
Thus his only chance to recover from his severe psychosis would be for him finally to consciously admit that these homosexual feelings and cravings were his very own and not ones which had been forced upon him by hallucinated strangers. He would then be able to claim a "social recovery with insight," the holy grail of all psychotherapy but also the most arduous one to achieve and consequently the least often accomplished.
Lastly, He was extremely dangerous because he would suddenly physically attack other men to whom he was homosexually attracted, utilizing the "paranoid shift" (Freud) wherein he projected onto these other male figures the homosexual feelings which were really his own. "No, it is not I who am sexually attracted to these other men, they are the ones who are attracted to me and thus I have to defend myself violently against their anticipated homosexual advances."
Countless tragedies have occurred down through the ages due exactly to the above-described "paranoid shift" mechanism in mentally ill persons, of both sexes, and will continue to occur far into the future, unfortunately, or at least until the "bearded lady" cause of all functional mental illness is recognized and treated as such by all.
725
Many more come to mind whose delusions are less extreme but who for decades have manifested autistic withdrawal, oddities, emotional distortions, and impairments consistent only with a schizoid reaction.
We also see manifestations identical with those of full-blown schizophrenia in every respect except their transience. A 30-year-old man who, after taking a small dose of testosterone, experienced not only hallucinatory sexual and spiritual sensations within himself but also in others will serve as an excellent example. Vivid delusions were very prominent for approximately a week. These included an absolute conviction that all virtuous women at the mere sight of him caught the impact of magic, glowed with a fire both erotic and holy, and were visibly transformed. It was also his belief that this caused harlots who might sense his powers a block off to run up alleyways in shame. For several days, through false perceptions, he specifically "felt" men and women some miles away responding viscerally, intellectually, and spiritually, and in diverse ways, to what had miraculously become incarnate in his person. After being psychotic for a week and without specific treatment, he regained insight, lost his schizophrenic symptoms, and has for a number of years remained entirely free of them.
The Mask of Sanity, Fourth Edition, Hervey Cleckley, M.D., The C.V. Mosby Company, Saint Louis, 1964, pp. 348-9.
The importance of this case lies in its demonstration of how a sudden increase of libido in a person with an underlying psychosis - triggered in this instance by a "small dose of testosterone" - can overwhelm long-repressed "bearded lady" bisexual fantasies and desires and lead to florid schizophrenic symptomatology, directly due to the toxic effect of this newly undischarged libido. This man had been able to keep these fantasies repressed, along with the intense sexual excitation cathected to them, until the sudden addition of the sexual hormonal upsurge provided by the testosterone. Still unable, or psychically unwilling, to discharge this long-repressed sexual excitation in a "normal" manner through genital orgasmic discharge, the frustrated sexual excitement took the only route left open to discharge itself and that was through the process of physiological "conversion" into the "fuel" which energized all the various psychotic symptoms he experienced during the week or so he was ill.
After the upsurge in his libido subsided as the effect of the extra testosterone naturally diminished, he was able to resume his previous precarious balance of mental health, although still menaced by a return-of-the-repressed which could occur at any time in the future, and with the same deleterious psychotic consequences. Only through long-term psycho-analytic therapy would he be able to gain the necessary conscious insight into his repressed "bearded lady" sexual fantasies and cravings and consequently become inoculated against any future schizophrenic breakdowns.
Finally, Note should be taken of the fact that during his brief psychotic episode he felt that both men as well as women were responding "viscerally, intellectually and spiritually" to his belief that he "glowed with a fire both erotic and holy" and to that which had "miraculously become incarnate in his person."
His repressed bisexual conflict, the root cause of all functional mental illness, quite obviously reveals itself in the content of these grandiose, paranoid delusions.
724
Quotation A.
A 39-year old man who blamed a Manhattan psychiatrist for having him
institutionalized 17 years ago was charged Saturday with killing a female
therapist in a furious knife attack and then slashing the psychiatrist when
he had come to the woman's aid. [......]
Mr. Tarloff told investigators he went to the doctors' offices with plans
to rob Dr. Shinbach. Mr. Tarloff then planned to take his ailing mother,
Beatrice, either out of the country or to Hawaii. [......]
As Mr. Tarloff waited at the 19th Precinct station house, where he was
questioned, a portrait emerged of a quiet, eccentric person who had shared a second-floor apartment in Corona, Queens with his mother until she recently moved to a nursing home. A balding, 5-foot-10 man, he was sometimes seen walking on his block dressed in slippers and a corduroy blazer. He was prone to bursts of anger, those who knew him said, and had agitated some of his
neighbors by knocking on their doors and asking for money. [......]
Growing up, Mr. Tarloff seemed popular with his friends, said one
neighbor, Phyllis Zicherman, who said she had know the Tarloffs for decades.
She said he had attended college but left under unknown circumstances -
around the time she and other neighbors said they noticed he began to
change.
And his mother's absence profoundly affected him, several neighbors said.
"He was depressed because of his mom," Ms. Zicherman said. [......]
In August 2007, officers responded to his father's Staten Island address
and treated him as an emotionally disturbed person. At that time, his
father, Leonard, told officers he was "off his medications," the police
said.
Queens Man Is Arrested In the Killing of a Psychologist in Manhattan, by Al
Baker, The New York Times, Sunday, February 17, 2008, p. 23.
Quotation B.
This week, Mr. Tarloff's father, Leonard, said his son did not seem to
realize he had killed anyone. He quoted Mr. Tarloff saying, "Dad, they say I
killed some lady," and then adding, "What are they talking about?"
2 Experts Find Suspect Fit to Stand Trial in Fatal Stabbing of Therapist, by
Anemona Hartocollis, The New York Times, February 23, 2008, p. B12.
Quotation C.
Detectives have found two suitcases the assailant left behind in the office.
One held women's fluffy slippers and a blouse, as well as disposable diapers
for adults; the other had eight knives, three lengths of rope and duct tape.
The crime scene provided a trove of forensic evidence: blood at the scene
was being collected and analyzed, traces of the attacker's DNA were being
sought and detectives were trying to gather fingerprints and fibers.
In Killing of Therapist, Police Question Pennsylvania Man Linked in E-mail,
by Al Baker, The New York Times, February 15, 2008, p. C10.
Quotation D.
From my material, in which negative instances are conspicuously absent, I
am forced to the conclusion that schizophrenic illnesses in the male are
intimately related as a sequent to unfortunate prolongation of the
attachment of the son and the mother. That schizophrenic disorders are but
one of the possible outcomes of persisting immature attitudes subtending the
mother and son relationship must be evident. The failure of growth of
heterosexual interests with persistence of autoerotic or homosexual
interests in adolescence, is the general formula. The factors that determine
a schizophrenic outcome may be clarified by a discussion on the one hand of
the situations to which I shall refer as homosexual cravings and acute
masturbation conflict - often immediate precursors of grave psychosis - and
of the various homoerotic and autoerotic procedures on the other.
Harry Stack Sullivan, M.D., Personal Psychopathology (Early Formulations),
W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 1965, 1972, p. 211.
This is the tragic story of a schizophrenic man driven to a murderous rage
by the sexual and emotional frustrations arising from his severe bisexual
conflict and gender confusion.
Mr. Tarloff's case fits the classic picture of the emotional background of a
person who develops schizophrenia, the "bearded lady" disease. Beginning at
a young age (the original name for this devastating illness was "dementia
praecox", or precocious dementia, because it was noted that its symptoms
first became operative early in a person's life, around the age of puberty
or shortly thereafter), Mr. Tarloff's neighbors first reported that he
"began to change" after he had dropped out of college, for reasons unknown
to them. From that point on his life followed a predictable schizophrenic
pattern, becoming ever more eccentric and bizarre, with paranoid suspicions
insidiously beginning to predominate in his psyche.
He had apparently very early in life developed what has often been been
referred to by certain pycho-analytic investigators as a
"close-binding-intimate", or "CBI", relationship with his mother, a
psychically very intense, castrative, symbiotic attachment which is
extremely difficult to overcome and which is also frequently to be observed
in the background of men (and women) who later in life become homosexual.
This fact adds further proof to the theory that schizophrenia invariably
springs from the repression of a person's homosexual, or opposite-sex
tendencies and identifications. Homosexuality and schizophrenia are in
reality the opposite sides of the same coin, both conditions springing from
the pathological symbiotic mother-child relationsip which is described
above. Homosexuality repressed becomes schizophrenia.
The fact that on the night Mr. Tarloff's long-simmering, repressed bisexual
conflict and gender confusion triggered his violent episode of "running
amok", with tragically fatal consequences for an innocent female victim, it
was discovered that in the two suitcases he was carrying with him were
knives,
ropes and other paraphernalia in one and "women's fluffy slippers and a
blouse, as well as disposable diapers for adults" in the other. Since his
original intent had been to rob the male psychiatrist and not violently to
assault the female psychologist, these female items of wear must definitely
have been meant for his own use and gratification in some type of
cross-dressing behavior which partially satisfied his repressed homosexual,
opposite-sex tendencies and longings. It was further reported by his
neighbors that he was often seen out "walking on his block in slippers and
corduroy blazer." It could arguably be surmised that these were the same
"women's fluffy slippers" that he had in the one suitcase on the night of
his psychotic rampage, and perhaps also that he was wearing the same
feminine "blouse" under his "corduroy blazer".
Mr. Tarloff was a "mama's boy" of the most extreme type and this inevitably
schizophrenia/homosexuality-engendering condition eventually culminated in his explosive
paranoid schizophrenic breakdown with its accompanying fit of lethal
madness.
"Dad, they say I killed some lady....What are they talking about?", the
delusional Mr. Tarloff is reported to have told his father. This case is but
one more example of the countless human tragedies which have been caused by
schizophrenia, the "bearded lady" disease, throughout the history of
mankind.
Mr. Tarloff's madness caused the suffering and death of one person. The
madness of Hitler and Stalin caused the suffering and death of many
millions. Of course not all such cases of schizophrenia, the "bearded lady"
disease, lead to such violent death and destructon, but nonetheless they all
do lead to immense emotional and physical suffering, not only for the
individual schizophrenic himself (or herself) but also for all other persons
who are, or become, in any way involved in that unfortunate person's life,
thereby becoming directly impacted by his or her paranoid thinking and
"crazy" behavior.
723
Continuing, she said the bedspread in the master bedroom had been damp from Mike sitting on it after his bubble bath. She'd tossed it in the trash. Mike had forgotten to turn off the spigots, and water had overflowed onto the hardwood floors. Their insurance agent had already inspected the damage and issued them a check to replace - not clean, but replace - all their upstairs carpet and to remove and replace the hardwood floors. It seemed extreme to me, but I kept silent. I couldn't answer most of her "whys." My son had been psychotic. How do you explain the actions of a mentally ill person? But I apologized again, and then again. But she wasn't finished. What if Mike came back? She said she was frightened for her teenage daughter. Mike had taken his bubble bath in the bathroom that the girl used. Her daughter was scared, too. The woman said her family had loved this house. It had been their dream home. Now none of them felt safe in it. Whenever she heard a noise, she wondered: Is someone breaking in? Is it a crazed person?
Crazy, A Father's Search Through America's Mental Health Madness/ Pete Earley, Berkley Books, New York, April 2007, p. 30.
The fact that this young man, in the overpowering grip of a schizophrenic breakdown, would smash his way into a stranger's home, rummage throughout it, ending up in a teenage girl's bedroom and bathroom where he stripped naked and then proceeded to take a leisurely bubble bath, points inexorably to deep-seated bisexual conflict and gender confusion on his part. He was obviously unconsciously identifying himself as a female in an area where he was surrounded by feminine trinkets and accesories, while indulging himself in that most feminine of all bathing rituals - the bubble bath. So there was definitely "method to his madness," i.e., the fulfillment of very powerful opposite-sex urges and desires which had long been repressed and had finally broken through to gain some semblance of symbolic satisfaction by means of his schizophrenic "bearded lady" psychosis.
722
Quotation A.
Schreber is by no means the only patient ever to have experienced being unmanned, or transformed into a woman. In Psychopathia Sexualis Richard Von Krafft-Ebing reports just such a case, which he diagnoses as "METAMORPHOSIS SEXUALIS PARANOIA" (l965: 261). The patient was a physician with a wife and five children. What precipitated his experience of being tranformed into a woman was not, as with Schreber, either a half-asleep or a fully-awake thought of female voluptuousness but "extract of Indian Hemp." The patient consumed "three of four times the usual dose of it and almost died of hashish poisoning." Suddenly he saw himself "a woman from my toes to my breast." He felt that "the genitals had shrunken, the pelvis broadened, the breasts swollen out." The next morning he experienced "himself completely changed into a woman," with "vulva and breasts" (1965: 267). He felt "like a woman in a man's form." and even when he was "sensible of the man's form," he always experienced it "in a feminine sense." He experienced "penis as clitoris," "urethra as urethra and vaginal orifice," and "scrotum as labia majora." Occasionally he felt "fetal movement" (1965: 269). He also felt the "physiological desire for procreation" (1965: 270). He experienced sexual intercourse in a feminine way and always felt that "I am impregnated" (1965: 271). Like Schreber, he too engaged in cross-dressing, wearing such "female attire" as "gloves" or "a veil" (1965: 272) or "a bracelet above the cuff" (1965: 273). He liked "female drawers and petticoats" and "crinolines" (1965: 274).
Both Krafft-Ebing's patient and Schreber experienced the illusion of being transformed, or "metamorphosed," into a woman. They both feel that their male bodies have been changed into female bodies and that they have been impregnated. They both cross-dress. The only difference between them is that Schreber believes that his unmanning is the result of divine intervention to serve a supernatural purpose, the renewal of mankind.
The Fantasy Principle / Psychoanalysis of the imagination, by Michael Vannoy Adams, Brunner-Routledge, New York, 2004, pp. 109-110.
Quotation B.
From then on my wife's visits ceased; when after a long time I did see her again at the window of a room opposite mine, such important changes had meanwhile occurred in my environment and in myself that I no longer considered her a living being, but only thought I saw in her a human form produced by miracles in the manner of the "fleeting-improvised-men." Decisive for my mental collapse was one particular night; during that night I had a quite unusual number of pollutiuons (perhaps half a dozen).
From then on appeared the first signs of communication with supernatural powers, particularly that of nerve-contact which Professor Flechsig kept up with me in such a way that he spoke to my nerves without being present in person. From then on I also gained the impression that Professor Flechsig had secret designs against me; this seemed confirmed when I once asked him during a personal visit whether he really honestly believed that I could be cured, and he held out certain hopes, but could no longer - at least so it seemed to me - look me straight in the eye
I must now discuss the nature of the frequently mentioned inner voices which since then have spoken to me incessantly, and also of what in my opinion is the tendency innate in the Order of the World, according to which a human being (" a seer of spirits") must under certain circumstances be "unmanned" (transformed into a woman) once he has entered into indissoluble contact with divine nerves (rays). The next chapter is devoted to an exposition of these circumstances; this is, however, infinitely difficult.
MEMOIRS OF MY NERVOUS ILLNESS, by Daniel Paul Schreber, Translated, Edited, with Introduction, Notes and Discussion by Ida Macalpine, M.D. and Richard A, Hunter, M.D., M.R.C.P., D.P.M., Wm. Dawson & Sons Ltd., London 1955, pp. 68-69.
Quotation C.
For all students of psychiatry, Schreber, its most famous patient, offers unique insight into the mind of a schizophrenic, his thinking, language, behaviour, delusions and hallucinations, and into the inner development, course and outcome of the illness. His autobiography has the advantage of being complete to an extent no case history taken by a physician can ever be:
its material in not selected or subject to elaboration or omission by an intermediary between the patient and his psychosis, and between both and the reader. Every student therefore has access to the totality of the patient's products. Indeed the Memoirs may be called the best text on psychiatry written for psychiatrists by a patient. Schreber's psychosis is minutely and expertly described, but its content is - as Dr. Weber explained to the court - fundamentally the same and has the same features as that of other mental patients. Schrebe's name is legion.
Ibid., Macalpine and Hunter, p. 25
The schizophrenic man described in Quotation A., a married physician with five children, is afflicted with schizophrenia, the bearded lady disease, in exactly the same way as is is Daniel Paul Schreber, a German Superior Court judge, also married but with no children, who vividly describes his own psychosis in Quotation B. Both of these highly educated and professional men have succumbed to their mental illness as the direct result of having repressed immensely powerful homosexual, or apposite-sex tendencies and sexual desires - in the case of Dr. Schreber, these repressed sexual feelings were initially particularly directed towards Professor Paul Emil Flechsig (see Quotation B. above), Director of the Psychiatric Clinic at the University of Leipzig where Schreber was first hospitalized.
As dramatic as the schizophrenic symptoms of these two men are, as presented to the reader in Quotations A. and B. above, the "content" of Dr. Schreber's psychosis "is - as Dr. Weber explained to the Court - fundamentally the same and has the same features as that of other mental patients. Schreber's name is legion." (Ibid, Macalpine and Hunter, p. 25.)
Dr. Weber was the Superintendent of the Sonnenstein Asylum in Germany where Dr. Schreber was held for many years before his final release. Along with the unnamed physician in Quotation A., he and Dr. Schreber prove the inarguable correctness of Dr. Weber's assertion that all mental patients have basically fallen ill due to their severely repressed, overwhelmingly powerful, bisexual conflict and gender confusion - the "bearded lady disease."
Schreber's name truly is legion, and it applies equally to all mentally ill women as well.
721
Studies that evaluate only sex differences offer few clues as to how recovery interventions might be customized for men and women with schizophrenia. Nasser and associates (4) recently noted the critical need for future research initiatives in schizophrenia that expand beyond the dichotomous compariosn of male and female differences.
Cultural expectations for men and women with schizophrenia may differ, and it has been reported that men with schizophrenia may be less able to carry out normative gender role activities than their female counterparts (4). A limited body of literature on gender identity and schizophrenia suggests that men and women with schizophrenia may experience disturbed sex role identification (5). Perhaps in relation to deep and pervasive stigmatization of mental illness, men and women with schizophrenia often appear "genderless" insofar as mental illness itself is perceived to eclipse other factors in identity.
In the study reported here we evaluate gender identity among men and women with schizophrenia by characterizing level of self-identification with traditionally masculine and feminine role concepts. We hypothesized that gender identity among persons with schizophrenia is likely to differ from normative gender orientations amng men and women. Specifically, we hypothesized that men with schizophrenia would have less identification with characteristics associated with male gender than would men who did not have schizophrenia.
....particularly directed towards Professor Paul Emil Flechsig (see Quotation B. above), Director of the Psychiatric Clinic at the University of Leipzig where Schreber was first hospitalized.
Gender Identity and Implications for Recovery Among Men and Women With Schizophrenia, by Martha Sajatovic, M.D.; Janis H. Jenkins, Ph.D.; Milton E. Strauss, Ph.D.; Zeeshan A. Butt, M.A.; Elizabeth Carpenter, M.A.; PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES, January 2005, Vol. 56, No 1.
The final sentence quoted in this excerpt from the above article would have been more accurate and informative if it had ended with the following phrasing: "...and that women with schizophrenia would have less identification with characteristics associated with female gender that would women who did not have schizophrenia." Bisexual conflict and gender confusion applies equally to both sexes in its relationship to those unfortunate persons who are afflicted with schizophrenia, as has been documented countless times in the book "Schizophrenia - The Bearded Lady Disease" and also on this website under the New Quotations/Comments section, and in the Impressions section.
The comment by the authors of this quoted article that "Perhaps in relation to deep and pervasive stigmatization of mental illness, men and women often appear 'genderless' insofar as mental illness itself is perceievd to eclipse other factors in identity," have incorrectly tried to fathom this oft-noted appearance of "genderlessness" in schizophrenics. Schizophrenics appear "genderless" solely because their severe bisexual conlflict/gender confusion has left them unsure, at a deep unconscious level, of which sex they really belong to.
The authors of this article assigned to the 90 schizophrenic subjects of their investigation a "Masculine T score" and a "Feminine T score." The average Masculine T score among the 49 men in the study was 37.8 and Feminine T score was 49.5. In other words, these 49 schizophrenic men identified more strongly with feminine values (49.5) than with masculine ones, (37.8). The 41 female schizophrenics had an average Feminine T score of 50.4 and a Masculine T score of 39.9, a male/female score somewhat more sex-appropriate then the men showed but still edging close to a 50-50 split (50-40). No wonder, then, that these schizophrenic persons appear "genderless - the men more female-oriented and the women split fairly evenly between a male/female orientation.
Because these schizophrenics are so bi-sexually conflicted, it is almost impossible for them to obtain normal orgasmic sexual satisfaction, the lack of which is the immediate cause of the toxic effect of the undischarged libido which triggers and "fuels"- by the physiological "conversion" process of the blocked sexual energy - the multitudinous psychiatric symtoms encountered in both schizophrenia and all other closely-related functional mental illnesses. In reality, functional mental illness is but one disease process invariably caused by severe bisexual conflict and gender confusion - regardless of the different names attached to the variegated symptoms of the illness.
For an excerpt from an excelllent article on this same topic, please refer to Quotation/Comment 250 in "Schizophrenia - The Bearded Lady Disease," or refer directly to the article itself, "A Serendipitous Finding: Sex Roles and Schizophrenia," by Frances E. Cheek, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 69, No. 4, 1964, p. 393.
720
Mike I didn't go to the mountains today. It was snowing. If the weather is good I will go tomorrow.
I had a dream today which I have never had before. I dreamt that I made love to a woman who had breasts and penis. I had to tell you this. I feel free by telling you. I think that it points to my bisexual conflict. I am going to start rereading your book today. You are the most intelligent man I know. Please tell me what you think about the dream.
Mike I think that a basis for a successful relationship is to have the same point of view on things. I love you.
[A personal communication approved by sender for release. Likewise the following comment.]
The person who wrote the above-quoted message is a 33-year-old unmarried female, presently unemployed and living at home with her parents. She has been suffering from a very severe case of paranoid schizophrenia [See item # 37 in the Impressions section of this website] and is currently under the care of a female psychiatrist who has prescribed psychotropic drugs which the patient intensely dislikes taking.
Lately, there has been a marked diminution in her paranoid symptoms as she begins to come to grips with her severe bisexual conflict and gender confusion, the pathogenic core of her mental illness, as it invariably is in all such cases. Her first breakthrough in this regard was a recent dream wherein she had no breasts. The next such dream is the one quoted above where she dreams she has made love to another woman who has breasts and a penis.
Both these dreams obviously refer to her repressed bisexual conflict and gender confusion.
Slowly but surely, however, she is allowing these long-represssed, wishful homoerotic and gender-confused fantasies to emerge from her unconscious mind where they have long festered and grown toxic due to their heretofore total psychic and physiological denial. And it is the libido attached to these repressed fantasies which has provided the "fuel" which has been energizing her paranoid symptomatology. Thus, no repressed libido - no paranoid symptoms. (Actually, no repressed libido - no mental illness of any kind, for functional mental illness is but one disease, with one invariable cause - repressed bisexual conflict/gender confusion, as we have now learned by examining countless similar cases. This is an universal truth, an immutable law of nature.)
Thus as this young woman, at first cautiously and presently mainly with the aid of her dreams, courageously begins a conscious evaluation and analysis of her formerly repressed, thus unconscious, homoerotic and transvestite desires and feelings, she is in effect slowly curing herself of her malignant mental illness - paranoid schizophrenia. She is well on the road to achieving that best of all possible outcomes in her battle against mental illness - a social recovery with insight - thereby providing herself with the means and the potential for experiencing a happy and fulfilling future, regardless of whatever sexual orientation she eventually adopts as being the most compatible with her maturing psycho-physiological needs.
For a somewhat similar case, please refer to the book, Mary Barnes (Two Accounts of a Journey Through Madness), by Barnes, M. and Berke, J., as quoted from in Schizophrenia - The Bearded Lady Disease, Quotations 321-331 (inclusive). [See this latter cited book in its link on this website.] Fortunately for Mary Barnes, she was able to achieve her life-saving and life-affirming insight without the use of powerful, toxic anti-psychotic drugs.
Again, the principal reason these drugs can sometimes be useful in curbing the more florid manifestations of psychosis is due to their libido-inhibiting affect, consequently diminishing the "fuel" supply which energizes the symptoms. Or, as so perfectly expressed by the above correspondent (sender) in a separate communication, "My libido is small now due to the drugs."
719
Even modern young people might find it difficult to understand that one could doubt one's physical sex. Cases of a contrary feeling of sex identity are rare, but they exist, and they are, in a marginal way, relevant to my theory of lesbianism. There are homosexual women and men who suffer from psychosis, and with them contrary sex identity is not uncommon. The illusion of being a member of the opposite sex occurs more frequently in the lesbian than in the male homosexual.
Although this condition is not directly relevant to the research on which this book is based, and has no general application to lesbianism per se, it nevertheless throws some light on certain lesbian predicaments. We learn about extraordinary behavior through extreme cases, and mental illness is therefore a valuable teacher in our understanding of the unusual. I vividly remember two patients of mine who believed themselves to be male. Both were homosexual; one told me she was able to 'penetrate' her girl friend, and the other assured me that she had frequent ejaculations of semen. Both were schizophrenics.
—Love Between Women, Charlotte Wolff, M.D., St. Martin's Press, New York, 1971, pp. 47-48.
Again we see, as noted in the last two cases in the above quotation, that the pathogenic, elemental core of schizophrenia invariably consists of severe bisexual conflict and gender confusion. A similar, starkly revealing case proving this point is outlined by Dr. R.J. Stoller in his book, Splitting (A Case of female Masculinity), wherein his patient vehemently and delusionally insists, despite all arguments to the contrary by her attending psychiatrist, that she does indeed have a normal, functioning penis which she uses with great effect and genital satisfaction in sexual intercourse with her female lovers. [See Quotations 99 through 105 in the book, Schizophrenia, The Bearded Lady Disease, posted in a separate link on this website.]
Every mentally ill woman suffers, to a greater or lesser degree, from this same "splitting" between her male and females sides, as, of course, does every mentally ill man. In lay terms, "schizophrenia" has always stood for "split personality." How accurate that assessment has proved to be can be corroborated by the above cases. When Dr. Eugen Bleuler, in the early 1900's, chose the name "schizophrenia" for the serious mental pathology formerly called "dementia praecox," he was incorporating the Greek word "schizo", meaning "split", into the new name for the disease without fully realizing that the "split" being referred to was in actuality the split between the male and female sides of each patient. All humans (and animals) have this same essential bisexual split, but only in man does it become pathogenic to the point of engendering mental illness because of the unnatural sexual repression of the young of almost all races, due to harsh religious and cultural taboos. This repression makes it extremely difficult for the young person to work through sexually his or her natural bisexual nature and then emerge from the acute hormonal upsurge at puberty with a satisfactory sexual identity which coincides with their genital, biological sex.
718
A family spokesman said Murray grew up in a loving home. But other interviews and what appears to be Murray's online ramblings portray a disturbed individual who resented his sheltered upbringing, had problems with his mother, heard voices in his head, felt rejected and abused -- and yet appeared to be searching for a place to belong.
He sought refuge in everything from an online forum for recovering Pentescostals to an occult group.
These volatile ingredients combined Sunday morning when the 24-year-old Murray killed five people, including himself, and injured several others in a rampage that spanned 70 miles, from a missionary training center that expelled Murray to Colorado Springs' New Life Church, a symbol of the Pentescostal and charismatic Christianity he so despised.
Murray, as promised on the Web, came "armed to the teeth" with an assault rifle, handguns and 1,000 rounds of ammunition.
—“Walking a Twisted Path,” By Eric Gorski, Associated Press, Marin Independent Journal, 12/13/07, p. A4.
Matthew Murray was afflicted with paranoid schizophrenia, the bearded lady disease. The fact that he "heard voices in his head" is but one of the myriad symptoms he displayed confirming this diagnosis, it being one of the illness's most striking symptoms.
Most information about Murray has become known in recent days through ranting Internet posts that appear to be the shooter's words. On one, a poster called Chrstnghtmr complained of not being able to "socialize normally" after being home-schooled.
One posting was to a site called Independent Spirits, a gathering place for those affected by a strict Christian home-schooling curriculum.
—Ibid, Gorski, p. A4.
Whenever it can be shown that a person regularly engages in "ranting" behavior, it is but one more proof of that person's paranoid schizophrenic symptomatology. (See the reported incident of Chris McCandless's "ranting" diatribe in the preceding Quotation # 717.) This same diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia may be accurately applied to many past and present world leaders who have also been known to indulge in similar ranting-type behavior.
Chrstnghtmr [the Internet post] writes that at age 17, after an attempt at going "all out for Jesus," he plunged into a "dark suicidal depression."
Chrstnghtmr describes his parents putting him on two antidepressants after he shared his feelings.
None of it helped, he wrote. "Everyone prayed, they laid their hands on me, spoke in tongues over me, sought out every kind of spiritual help I knew of," the post added.
—Ibid, Gorski, p A4.
A stranger happening upon this scene of a quiet young man being surrounded by a group of people babbling "in tongues over" him while they "laid hands on" him might understandably surmise that the young man being thus ministered to was the only sane member of this group.
The fact that Matthew had succumbed to a "dark suicidal depression" highlights the deadly nature of his schizophrenic breakdown and portends the tragedy to come, as suicide and homicide are always the opposite sides of the same schizophrenic coin, self-directed murder or other-directed murder. In every case of mass killings such as this, the perpetrator, or "shooter", has invariably been in the grip of just such a suicidally depressed mental state as had been Matthew Murray when he embarked upon his own lethal rampage.
A former YWAM [Youth With a Mission] staff member, Michael Werner, said Murray was painfully shy and had trouble socializing after growing up sheltered. Later he exhibited extreme moods swings, spreading rumors about homosexuality at the center and performing dark rock songs by Marilyn Manson and Linkin Park at a 2002 Christmas celebration.
—Ibid, Gorski, p. A4.
Matthew's "strict home-schooling curriculum" kept him from the normal heterosexual socialization which he would have been able to experience in a regular school setting, thereby contributing greatly to the strengthening of his already latent homosexual proclivities. As a result, these proclivities eventually became so powerful and insistent that a paranoid state developed, clearly demonstrated by his act of "spreading rumors about homosexuality at the center." He had by then made the typical "paranoid shift," - (No, It is not I who am homosexual, it is the others at the YWAM center.) And once this paranoid shift had occurred and been locked into his psyche, the path led inexorably to the tragedy of his "running amok" in an orgy of mayhem similar to that which had recently transpired in the case of the Virginia Tech massacre, committed by another "suicidally depressed" young man, Seung-Hui Cho.
Cho, like Matthew Murray, was afflicted with schizophrenia, the bearded lady disease, as were the perpetrators of the Columbine school massacre and the countless other blood-baths before and since, on ad infinitum.
717
"I don't recall Alex ever talking about any girlfriends," says Westerberg. "Although a couple of times he mentioned wanting to get married and have a family some day. You could tell he didn't take relationships lightly. He wasn't the kind of a guy who would go out and pick up girls just to get laid."
It was clear to Borah, too, that McCandless hadn't spent much time cruising single bars. "One night a bunch of us went out to a bar in Madison," says Borah, and it was hard to get him out on the dance floor. But once he was out there, he wouldn't sit down. We had a blast. After Alex died and all, Carine [his sister] told me that as far as she knew, I was one of the only girls he ever went dancing with."
In high school McCandless had enjoyed a close rapport with two or three members of the opposite sex, and Carine recalls one instance when he got drunk and tried to bring a girl up to his bedroom in the middle of the night (they made so much noise stumbling up the stairs that Billie [his mother] was awakened and sent the girl home). But there is little evidence that he was sexually active as a teenager and even less to suggest that he slept with any woman after graduating from high school. (Nor, for that matter, is there any evidence that he was ever sexually intimate with a man.) It seems that McCandless was drawn to women but remained largely or entirely celibate, as chaste as a monk. —Into The Wild, by Jon Krakauer, First Anchor Books Edition, February 1997, pp. 65-66.
The story of Christopher Johnson McCandless (self-named “Alexander Supertramp”) is the story of a young man slowly but surely succumbing to the ravages of schizophrenia, the bearded lady disease, caused by his severe unconscious bisexual conflict and gender confusion. The severity of this conflict triggered his inexorable descent into a suicidal depression following the total relinquishment of any "normal" heterosexual interests.
Chris seldom contacted his parents that year, and because he had no phone, they couldn't easily contact him. Walt and Billie grew increasingly worried about their son's emotional distance. In a letter to Chris, Billie implored, "You have completely dropped away from all who love and care about you. Whatever it is--whoever you're with--do you think this is right?" Chris saw this as meddling and referred to the letter as "stupid" when he talked to Carine.
"What does she mean 'whoever I'm with'?", Chris railed at his sister, "She must be fucking nuts. You know what I bet? I bet they think I'm a homosexual. How did they ever get that idea? What a bunch of imbeciles." —Krakauer, Ibid, pp. 124-5
Perhaps Chris's parents did think he might be homosexual, but more importantly, as shown by his comments here, Chris was unconsciously questioning his own very shaky sexual identity. As that old saying goes, "Methinks the lady doth protest too much!", here becomes "Methinks Chris McCandless doth protest too much!"
In the final postcard he sent to Wayne Westerberg, McCandless had written, "If this adventure proves fatal and you don't ever hear from me again I want you to know you're a great man. I now walk into the wild." When the adventure did indeed prove fatal, this melodramatic declaration fueled speculation that the boy had been bent on suicide from the beginning, that when he walked into the bush, he had no intention of ever walking out again. I'm not so sure, however.
—Krakauer, Ibid, pp. 133-134
Author Jon Krakauer is intuitively correct when he states that he was "not so sure" that Chris was, without a doubt, intent on committing suicide. What Chris was displaying here was the schizophrenic's typical overwhelming ambivalence about every aspect of his (or her) existence, invariably rooted in the unconscious conflict over that person's sexual identity - male or female, homosexual or heterosexual. A part of Chris wanted to commit suicide to ease the pain caused by his terrifying - because it had been denied and repressed - bisexual conflict and gender confusion, while the other, healthier part of his personality, wanted to live and thrive in the manner of all natural living organisms. Tragically Chris made several fatal errors in judgment about the techniques required and the conditions needed to ensure his survival in the wilderness.
Immediately after graduating, with honors, from Emory University in the summer of 1990, McCandless dropped out of sight. He changed his name, gave the entire balance of a twenty-four-thousand-dollar savings account to charity, abandoned his car and most of his possessions, burned all the cash in his wallet. He then invented a new life for himself, taking up residence in the ragged margins of our society, wandering across North America in search of raw, transcendent experience. His family had no idea where he was or what had become of him until his remains turned up in Alaska. —Krakauer, Ibid, page one, Author's Note
This paragraph describes classic, or text-book behavior in a young person being overwhelmed by paranoid schizophrenia, one of the myriad symptoms of which illness is a suicidal, clinical depression. Giving away all one's possessions, fleeing family, friends and relinquishing any relationship to society's everyday life and pursuits are always "red flag" warnings to mental health workers which indicate that a person's emotional stability and physical well-being are in great danger of total collapse, with sometimes fatal consequences, as was the eventual outcome in Chris McCandless's case.
"Nice guy, yeah, a pretty nice guy," Charlie reports. "Didn't like to be around too many people, though. Temperamental. He meant good, but I think he had a lot of complexes--know what I'm saying? Liked to read books by that Alaska guy, Jack London. Never said much. He'd get moody, wouldn't like to be bothered. Seemed like a kid who was looking for something, just didn't know what it was. I was like that once, but then I realized what I was looking for: Money! Ha! Ha hyah, hooh boy!
"But like I was saying, Alaska--yeah, he talked about going to Alaska. Maybe to find whatever it was he was looking for. Nice guy, seemed like one, anyway. Had a lot of complexes sometimes, though. Had 'em bad. When he left, was around Christmas I think, he gave me fifty bucks and a pack of cigarettes for lettin' him stay here. Thought that was mighty decent of him." —Krakauer, Ibid, p. 42
Charlie is a very intuitive psychologist. He clearly realizes, without ever having had the benefit of any formal psychological or psychiatric training, that his young friend Chris McCandless is a very seriously disturbed individual.
More than a minute passes before Franz speaks again; squinting at the sky, he begins to reminisce further about the time he spent in the youngster's company. Not infrequently during their visits, Franz recalls, McCandless's face would darken with anger and he'd fulminate about his parents or politicians or the endemic idiocy of mainstream America life. Worried about alienating the boy, Franz said little during such outbursts and let him rant. —Krakauer, Ibid, p. 52
These Hitler-like, ranting "outbursts" on McCandless's part are typically to be encountered in persons afflicted with paranoid schizophrenia.
There are similarities among Rosellini, Waterman, McCunn, and McCandless. Like Rosellini and Waterman, McCandless was a seeker and had an impractical fascination with the harsh side of nature. Like Waterman and McCunn, he displayed a staggering paucity of common sense. But unlike Waterman, McCandless wasn't mentally ill. And unlike McCunn, he didn't go into the bush assuming someone would automatically appear to save his bacon before he came to grief.
McCandless didn't conform particularly well to the bush-casual stereotype. Although he was rash, untutored in the ways of the backcountry, and incautious to the point of foolhardiness, he wasn't incompetent--he wouldn't have lasted 113 days if he were. And he wasn't a nutcase, he wasn't a sociopath, he wasn't an outcast. McCandless was something else--although precisely what is hard to say. A pilgrim, perhaps. —Krakauer, Ibid, p. 85
All the evidence presented in this book points to the unalterable fact that Chris McCandless definitely was mentally ill, despite the author's misguided insistence that he was "perhaps" no more than a mere "pilgrim", seeking exactly "what" it "is hard to say." It was glaringly obvious to even the most casual observers whose paths happened to cross McCandless's during the latter's hysterical, paranoid flight from reality across the country during the months following his graduation from Emory University, that he was an extremely disturbed young man - or a "nutcase" - a fact strangely discounted by author Jon Krakauer. The author has candidly admitted in his book that in some ways he strongly identifies with the young Chris McCandless, and if this self-identification is valid it would explain Krakauer's great reluctance to accept the reality of what was plainly evident to everyone else, namely that McCandless indeed was "crazy", or just another of the multitude of persons throughout the world who are victims of paranoid schizophrenia, the bearded lady disease.
As for the thought that McCandless may also have had sociopathic tendencies to go hand-in-hand with his paranoid schizophrenia, one has to look no further than the wanton, unprovoked destruction and vandalization of the two vacant bush cabins located just several miles distant from the abandoned bus whose interior McCandless had made over into his final home. It was never positively established that McCandless was the perpetrator of this senseless cabin vandalization, but according to author Krakhauer one of the cabin owners was thoroughly convinced that McCandless had been the culprit. Ironically, if he was responsible for having destroying the cabins, in a fit of insanity, he thereby also destroyed his last chance to seek shelter later in much warmer and better-equipped quarters than those prevailing on the bus he lived in. Either one of the cabins could have provided him with the shelter he so desperately needed to save his life when the living conditions on the dilapidated bus were rapidly and lethally deteriorating.
Chris McCandless was afflicted with paranoid schizophrenia, the same illness that had afflicted Judge Daniel Paul Schreber and countless other unfortunates down through the history of man. And this dreadful disease will continue to wreak its havoc presently and for ages to come unless the pathogenic force lurking at it core - severe bisexual and gender confusion - is recognized for what it is, accepted as the truth and then acted upon in order to attack and destroy the illness. The mental image of a young Chris McCandless dying alone in his derelict bus, terrified, freezing and starved, when he obviously had such great potential but for the destruction wrought upon his mind and body by his paranoid schizophrenic symptomatology, makes it imperative that this malevolent disease be conquered once and for all.
"Shreber's name is legion," as was stated by Doctors Macalpine and Hunter, translators from the German of the book Memoirs of My Nervous Illness, written by the paranoid schizophrenic jurist, Judge Daniel Paul Schreber, and made famous by Sigmund Freud's brilliant and insightful interpretation of Schreber's madness as being caused by his repressed bisexual conflict and gender confusion. Judge Schreber, incarcerated for many years in a German mental asylum in the late 19th century, finally partially recovered from his severe mental illness by consciously accepting his theretofore fiercely denied and repressed transvestite, or opposite-sex, tendencies, at least to the point where he was able to be discharged from the asylum and resume control of his everyday personal affairs.
Unfortunately, however, Judge Schreber was never fully able to face the painful truth that his powerful opposite-sex feelings were really his very own sexual feelings and not ones which had been forced upon him by an all-powerful and demanding God for the sole purpose of using his newly-formed female body with which to bring forth upon the earth a new race of human beings. Thus, tragically, Judge Schreber remained mentally ill until the end of his life due to his psychological inability to integrate completely his transvestism, harmoniously and without repression or conflict, into his conscious awareness and self-image as a distinguished German jurist, intellectual and husband.
It should again be emphasized that a psychosis is in reality nature's way of trying to cure the individual of his or her madness by forcing into psychic awareness all of the toxic emotional and sexual material which the mentally ill person has long repressed into his or her unconscious mind. There it has festered and grown like an infected boil until invariably erupting - the psychosis itself - and letting escape into conscious awareness all of the pathogenic material inside. It is only then that the organism can begin the long, tedious process of healing itself.
To reiterate, the psychosis facilitates the person's repressed - thus toxic- mental and physical bisexual imagery and cravings, the frustrated, dammed-up sexual energy from which "fuels" the myriad symptoms of the mental illness, to emerge into conscious awareness where they can then be more constructively dealt with through the processes of sublimation and/or abreaction - hopefully to the point where they lose their toxic energic power to keep the various symptoms of the mental illness actively in operation. [As a clear example of this process, see Quotation/Comment #528 in the book, Schizophrenia-The Bearded Lady Disease.]
If today's anti-psychotic drugs had been available in his time and given to Judge Schreber, his "invaluable book" (Freud) could never have been written and consequently it would have taken Dr. Freud much longer, if ever, to have ascertained the true cause of paranoia - repressed homosexual cravings. And since paranoia in reality encompasses all functional mental illness, science owes an incredible debt of gratitude to Schreber's bravery and painful self-honesty in laying bare before an astonished world the torments he had suffered in his illness and the critical insights he had gained from them. Most unfortunately the current multitude of psychotropic drugs all act as great depressors of self-insight, and because of this deleterious and unforeseen consequence of their use, the person's mental illness is perpetuated indefinitely. Only self-insight into their bisexual conflict and gender confusion will enable the psychiatric patient to heal himself or herself. There is no other way, and never will be. "A social recovery with insight" is the magic, golden phrase, and this result should be the final, salubrious goal of all psychotherapeutic and psychiatric intervention.
In every mentally ill person's case, the only hope for a "cure" of their mental illness is for him or her to gain conscious insight into the bisexual conflict/gender confusion issues lying at the core of their illness, and furthermore the only way this can ever be accomplished is by the mentally ill person engaging in intensive, psychoanalytic psychotherapy, thus allowing the person the opportunity consciously, for the very first time, to face and work through these bisexual issues which are so painful and terrifying to the person's self-image and self-esteem, and therefore are the basic reason they had been repressed originally. As a consequence of this psychoanalytic psychotherapy, hopefully the mentally ill person will be enabled to gain the desperately-needed, curative insight into the bisexual conflict/gender confusion issues which invariably form the pathogenic core of their "mental breakdown," call the latter by whichever arbitrary psychiatric name you will.
As R.D. Laing's famous patient, Mary Barnes, once explained, by being allowed to experience fully, and then work through, her psychosis in a secure setting and without the use of any mind-numbing psychotropic drugs with which to damp it down and mask its most salient features, she was enabled to gain the critical insight which helped her go back "to my real girl self through my pretence layers of girl on boy." In other words, she was finally enabled to become a truly mentally healthy, feminine woman, "a social recovery with insight."
Likewise, for a psychotic male to effect a similar "social recovery with insight", he too must be helped to acquire the psychological tools which will enable him to go back "to my real boy self through my pretence layers of boy on girl." Only then will he be psychologically ready to accept his truly natural, masculine self, just as Mary Barnes had finally been enabled to accept her truly natural, feminine self - thereby effectively curing herself of her schizophrenic "bearded lady" illness. Exactly the same path, except in reverse order, must be trod by the male schizophrenic patient if he wishes to be cured of his own schizophrenia.
Consequently it can never be emphasized strongly enough that it is only by means of intensive, psychoanalytic psychotherapy - without the use of self-insight-deadening psychotropic drugs - that this marvelous goal of normal mental health and well-being can ever be achieved. Admittedly drugs are sometimes needed to tranquilize a berserk person, but always the final goal of any psychiatric intervention should be to stabilize the individual to the point where intensive psychotherapy can be initiated.
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Yet those who know her say that questions about Sergeant Lannaman's death remain unsettled, and go well beyond psychic agonies that she struggled with her entire life. "From the day she was born she was different," Barbara Lannaman, her mother, said. "Life was not satisfactory to her."...
... Born in Kingston, Jamaica, she spent nine years in the Navy, then bounced from job to job. By the time she was 42, in the spring of 2003, Denise Lannaman had been a firefighter, a sailor, a film-maker, a scuba diver, a paramedic and an auto mechanic.
She also had been a frequent psychiatric patient, her family says, an iron-willed perfectionist who had dealt with life's ragged edges by making four suicide attempts.
"I knew she was different all along," her sister, Michelle Forgenie, said. "On top of that she was also lesbian. They're very homophobic in Kingston. And we didn't understand it, either, at a time when she needed us to understand it."
After she left the Naval Reserve in 1992, she passed the examination for New York City corrections officer, but could not get past the psychological screening, Ms. Forgenie said ...
... "She missed one of the enlistment interviews because she was in a psychiatric bed," Ms. Forgenie said. "She had to get a note that she was in the hospital. That time, she tried to kill herself with pills and liquor, sitting out in the driveway."
Her doctor refused to clear her for duty. "She found another one, I guess, who took her blood pressure, vital signs, signed the note," Ms. Lannaman said. Somehow, she passed the military's psychiatric review. On May 23, 2003, she enlisted in the New York Army National guard, and in January 2005, deployed to Iraq as a sergeant, based in Tikrit. She often drove to Baghdad at night. She thrived, say family and friends. ...On a convoy, a truck blew up in front of her, killing soldiers. She shook it off. She waived the limit on her service and signed up for another three years.
Then she took on what, for her, was a more dangerous assignment: a desk job at a procurement office in Camp Arifjan in Kuwait. In December 2005, Sergeant Lannaman was assigned to work with a logistics group that purchased millions of dolars in supplies. ...On Oct. 1, she had a private meeting with a superior officer, said George Roach, a retired Army sergeant first class who served as the military liaison with the family. A military investigator later told the family that at this meeting, Sergeant Lannaman was told that she would be sent home in disgrace, Ms. Forgenie said. "We were not given a reason," she said.
A few hours later, she was found dead in a jeep from a gunshot wound. She had just turned 46.
"Were they trying to scare her, had she stepped on toes of people who were profiteering, did someone threaten to expose her homosexuality," Ms. Forgenie asked.
—From Queens to Kuwait, “Where a Life Was Ended,” by Jim Dywer, the About New York column, New York Times, 9/19/2007, p. A-24.
This is basically the story of a woman who had suffered from schizophrenia - the bearded lady disease, almost her entire life. She was a male in every aspect of her life but biologically/genitally. She thought like a male; acted like a male; dressed like a male; loved like a male; looked like a male - and, finally, suicided like a male, using a firearm instead of the "softer", more "feminine" methods of self-destruction such as sleeping pills or alcohol, etc.
To reverse the wording in the famous quotation attributed to the noted paranoid schizophrenic patient, the nineteenth century German judge, Daniel Paul Schreber, "I would like to meet the woman who, faced with the choice of either being a demented human being in female habitus, or a spirited man, would not prefer the latter."
Sgt. Lannaman definitely chose the "latter," which enabled her to escape being floridly psychotic her entire life. Undoubtedly her suicide resulted from her having been officially informed that she was being discharged from her beloved Army, where her masculine, warrior-like ways stood her in excellent stead, due to accusations of homosexual activity on her part. After being tormented by her severe bisexual conflict and gender confusion for so many years, leading to four previous suicide attempts, she had finally found a "home" in the Army and a way of life that agreed with her masculine self-identity completely, only to have it suddenly taken away from her.
Tragically, It was more than she could stand.
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